Fusion Proteins With Cleavable Spacers and Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

A polypeptide comprising a first protein domain, a second protein domain, and a dithiocyclopeptide spacer containing at least one protease cleavage site, wherein the dithiocyclopeptide is exogenous relative to the first or second protein domain, and wherein the first and second protein domains are operably linked by the dithiocyclopeptide. Also disclosed are methods of producing the polypeptide and delivering the protein domains into a cell.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/058,648,filed on Mar. 28, 2008, the entire content of which is incorporatedherein by reference. Also this application claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/908,910, filed on Mar. 29, 2007, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FUNDING

This invention was made with support in part by NIH grant R01 GM063647.Therefore, the U.S. government has certain rights.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to fusion proteins. Morespecifically, the invention relates to fusion proteins with cleavablespacers and methods of making and using such proteins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The biotech industry has recently made great progress in producing alarge number of recombinant human peptides and proteins that possesstherapeutic potential. Several of the recombinant proteins such asgrowth hormones and humanized monoclonal antibodies have already beenused clinically to treat human diseases [2]. It is estimated that theprotein therapeutic market will grow rapidly at a compound annual growthrate of 10.5%, and will double in market value from 2003 to 2010 [3].This expansion of protein therapeutics raises many issues in thepharmaceutical industry regarding the formulation and dosage design dueto the difference between proteins and small molecular drugs. The mosturgent issue to unlock the potential of these new drugs is to develop anoral dosage form for protein drugs, since this route of administrationis the most convenient and economical. However, due to the biophysicalmakeup of protein-based drugs, namely, their large and bulky size,charge and hydrophilicity, and sensitivity to digestive enzymes,achieving oral delivery of these therapeutic agents into the tissues ofchoice or across epithelial barriers of choice remains difficult [4].

Because most of the protein and peptide drugs today are used for thetreatment of chronic diseases, such as insulin for diabetes, frequentinjections can cause inconvenience, poor compliance, and adverseside-effects to the patients. Therefore, non-invasive delivery systemsfor proteins and peptides, especially those utilizing the mostconvenient oral route of administration, has long been sought by thepharmaceutical industry.

Despite the great efforts that have been directed towards this area ofresearch, there is no established method for the oral delivery of thesedrugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a novel approach to thedesign of fusion proteins that can serve as drug delivery systems fordelivering pharmaceutically relevant proteins via oral administration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel fusion protein that can be usedfor delivering protein domains into a cell.

In one aspect, the invention features a polypeptide comprising a firstprotein domain, a second protein domain, and a dithiocyclopeptide spacercontaining at least one protease cleavage site. The dithiocyclopeptideis exogenous relative to the first or second protein domain, and thefirst and second protein domains are operably linked by thedithiocyclopeptide. In some embodiments, the dithiocyclopeptide iscyclized by a disulfide bond. In some embodiments, thedithiocyclopeptide is cleaved by the protease at the protease cleavagesite.

A polypeptide of the invention may be a recombinant polypeptide.Accordingly, the invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a DNAsequence encoding a polypeptide of invention and a cell comprising anucleic acid of the invention.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of producing apolypeptide of the invention. The method comprises cultivating a cell ofthe invention under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide.The method may further comprise collecting the polynucleotide orcleaving the polypeptide with the protease.

Also within the invention is a method of delivering protein domains intoa cell. The method comprises contacting a cell with a polypeptide of theinvention under conditions that allow transport of the polypeptide intothe cell. The disulfide bond in the dithiocyclopeptide is reduced duringthe transport or within the cell, thereby separating the first proteindomain from the second protein domain.

In a polypeptide of the invention, the first protein domain may be agranulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) domain, the second proteindomain may be a transferrin (Tf) domain, and the dithiocyclopeptide maycontain a thrombin or trypsin cleavage site, for example, thedithiocyclopeptide may contain LEAGCKNFFPRSFTSCGSLE (SEQ ID NO: 1) orLEAGCPRSFWTFPRSCGSLE (SEQ ID NO: 2). When the second protein domain is aTf domain, the cell to be contacted with a polypeptide of the inventionmay be a cell that expresses transferrin receptor (TfR).

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention pertains. In case of conflict, thepresent document, including definitions, will control. All publications,patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein areincorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, andexamples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to belimiting. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention willbe apparent from the description and the accompanying drawings, and fromthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Immunofluorescent staining of TfR in a representative frozensection of rat small intestine using anti-rat TfR antibody. The top ofthe panel is the serosal side and crypt region; the bottom, the luminalside and villi. Arrows indicate the intervillous space and trianglesindicate positive TfR staining of enterocytes on the luminal side,predominantly in the lower villous and crypt areas. A) 20×. B) 40×magnification of boxed area in A.

FIG. 2. TfR-mediated cellular uptake of ¹²⁵I-Tf. ¹²⁵I-Tf was added toCaco-2 or MCF-7 cells in serum-free medium for 15-min incubation at 37°C. Nonspecific uptake was determined in parallel wells containing¹²⁵I-Tf and excess unlabeled Tf. The unbound Tf was removed by threewashes of serum-free medium. Cells were then solubilized with 1 N NaOHand assayed for radioactivity. Each data point represents the mean ofthree measurements with error bars representing standard deviation.

FIG. 3. Pulse-Chase study of Tf in Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells. Post 1 hpre-incubation in serum-free DMEM with 1 mg/ml BSA to remove endogenousTf, the cells were incubated (pulsed) with ¹²⁵I-Tf for at 37° C. for 15min, rinsed thoroughly, and then incubated with unlabeled Tf at 4° C.for 2 h in serum-free DMEM with 1 mg/ml BSA. Each data point representsthe mean of three measurements with error bars representing standarddeviation.

FIG. 4. Oligonucleotide insert of the disulfide cyclopeptide linker andits corresponding amino acid sequence. The spontaneous formation of thedisulfide bond between Cys-5 and Cys-16 will give a cyclic structure asis observed in somatostatin.

FIG. 5. Western Blots of the fusion protein with a disulfidecyclopeptide linker. (A) anti-Tf; (B) anti-G-CSF. Lane 1: (A) Tf or (B)G-CSF, 2: fusion protein, 3: fusion protein after thrombin digestion andsubsequent DTT treatment, and 4: fusion protein after thrombin digestionwithout DTT treatment.

FIG. 6. The fusion protein with the dithiocyclopeptide spacers. (A) adithiocyclopeptide spacer with a single thrombin-cutting site, and (B) adithiocyclopeptide spacer with two thrombin-cutting sites. In both (A)and (B), the reduction of the G-CSF-Tf fusion protein inside the bodywill separate the G-CSF and Tf domains.

FIG. 7. (A) The structure of somatostatin; (B) The structure of thecyclopeptide spacer. The WKT sequence in somatostatin is replaced by thethrombin-cutting site, PRS. The terminal LE sequence is from the Xho 1cutting sites in the recombinant plasmid; (C) A hypothetic structure ofa somatostatin analog cyclopeptide with two thrombin-cutting sites. Thesequence, PRS [45], can be replaced by PRG [34]. The amino acidsequence, FWTF, in (C) will be altered by computer modeling to obtain astable cyclic structure.

FIG. 8. The multi-GSF fusion protein with in vivo cleavable linkages,such as the disulfide spacer, that can release multiple G-CSF moleculesafter intestinal absorption. Increased myelopoietic activity can beachieved by this type of fusion protein.

FIG. 9. A rabbit anti-hG-CSF antibody will be immobilized as the first(capturing) antibody, and a goat anti-hTf antibody will be used as thesecond (detecting) antibody. An enzyme-conjugated third antibody, whichwill recognize the detecting antibody, will give the signal for themeasurement of the concentration of the fusion protein. This assay willallow detecting quantitatively the fusion protein in the presence of alarge excess of endogenous Tf and, though less likely, any G-CSF inplasma samples.

FIG. 10. A hypothetical scheme of the regulatory mechanism for thetransport of Tf from the mucosal side of the intestinal epithelial cellsto the blood. 1. Miss-sorting of basolateral membrane in basolateralendosomes (BE) would allow a small number of TfR to appear on the apicalsurface. 2. Orally administered Tf would bind to apical TfR andinternalized to apical endosomes (AE), where diferric Tf would beconverted to apo-Tf due to the acidification. 3. Apo-Tf in AE would betransported to a common endosome (CE) by a similar process that has beendescribed for apo-Tf in BE [66]. Apo-Tf would be accumulated in CE for aprolonged time. 4. Iron uptake from the mucosal surface via divalentmetal transporter 1 (DMT1) could reach CE due to the endocytosis of DMT1[67]. 5. The conversion of Apo-Tf to diferric Tf in CE would acceleratethe transport of diferric Tf from CE to the basolateral membrane viaexocytosis, and eventually to be released to the blood [67].

FIG. 11. Anti-G-CSF Western Blotting result for the G-C-T fusion proteinwith or without thrombin and/or DTT treatment. Lane 1, 2, G-C-T with orwithout DTT treatment; lane 3, 4, G-C-T with or without DTT treatmentafter thrombin processing; Lane 5, G-CSF control.

FIG. 12. Evaluation of G-CSF activity of the G-C-T fusion proteins bycell proliferation assay in NFS-60 cells. Cell viability was determinedby MTT assay. Samples represent average absorbance±stdev of the formazancrystals produced in this assay (n=3).

FIG. 13. Upper panel: Anti-G-CSF Western blotting analysis of the bloodplasma taken from CF1 mice injected with [left] thrombin treated G-C-Tor [right] G-C-T. Plasma samples were taken at different time pointsafter injection. Lower panel: The relative amount of the proteins wasquantified using Quality One software (BioRad).

FIG. 14. Release of free G-CSF from G-CSF-cyclo-Tf fusion protein upontreatment with trypsin and dithiothreitol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is for designing recombinant fusion proteins with two ormore domains linked by cleavable spacers that can be separated in vivoin order to achieve the biological activity of each individualcomponent.

Recombinant fusion proteins with protease-cleavable spacers have beenused for the in vitro production of recombinant products. For example,the thrombin cutting site has been widely used for linking a recombinantprotein with a binding moiety such as glutathione transferase in orderto purify the recombinant protein by using affinity chromatography.However, this type of cleavable spacer cannot be used for the design oftherapeutic fusion proteins for in vivo separation of the two proteinmoieties after the administration because (a) it is difficult to achievea highly specific proteolysis on the spacer peptide only but not onother parts of the fusion protein, and (b) plasma proteases are highlyspecific, but they are only activated under unique physiological orpathological conditions, such as the presence of plasmin and thrombin inthe blood clotting process.

It has been previously demonstrated that the disulfide linkage inprotein conjugates was reduced during, but not before, transport acrossepithelial cell monolayers as well as in the GI epithelium. Therefore,fusion proteins with a disulfide spacer between the two protein moietieswill be useful for the separation of the two protein domains inside thebody in order to achieve individual biological activity. To this end, aninnovative disulfide spacer in the fusion protein has been designed byinserting a disulfide-containing cyclopeptide spacer with aprotease-specific cutting site. The fusion protein with thedithiocyclopeptide spacer will then be processed in vitro to convert thespacer into a disulfide-linkage. The general process of this approach isshown as the scheme in FIG. 6, using a recombinant granulocyte colonystimulating factor and transferrin fusion protein, G-CSF-Tf, as anexample.

To the inventor's knowledge, there is no recombinant fusion protein witha disulfide or any other cleavable spacers that can separate the domainsinside the body.

Even though there is no in vivo cleavable fusion protein available incurrent biotechnological industry, non-cleavable fusion proteins havebeen developed for many years. For examples, single chain-Fv proteins(sFv) derived from various antibodies have been used either alone orwith other therapeutic proteins as fusion proteins for targeted deliveryto antigen-positive cells.

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a reducibledisulfide linker between the two domains in a recombinant fusionprotein, a plasmid of a fusion protein, G-CSF-Tf, with a disulfidecyclopeptide as the spacer has recently been constructed. The sequenceof the disulfide cyclopeptide contains a PRS sequence. The selection ofPRS sequence is based on well-studied peptide substrates for thrombincatalysis. The disulfide cyclopeptide linker in the fusion protein iscut by thrombin in vitro to generate a fusion protein with G-CSF and Tfdomains linked by a disulfide bond between the two cysteinyl residues inthe spacer peptide (FIG. 6). This exposed disufide bond can be reducedby a reducing agent, dithiothereitol (DTT), and the two domains will beseparated only after the reduction.

The method of insertion of the linker peptide between G-CSF and Tf wascarried out by standard recombinant procedure. The DNA sequence, as wellas its corresponding amino acid sequence, of the cyclopeptide spacer isshown in FIG. 4. The plasmid was transfected in HEK293 cells, and thefusion protein released into the conditioned medium was collected. Thisfusion protein was subjected to thrombin-treatment and subsequentlyreduced by DTT.

As shown in FIG. 5, the G-CSF (20 kDa) and Tf (80 kDa) domains inapproximately 50% of the fusion protein were still linked together (100kDa) after thrombin treatment (FIG. 5, Lane 4), indicating a 50%cyclization of the spacer peptide with disulfide bond formation. Thisassumption was confirmed by the separation of Tf and G-CSF from thethrombin-cut fusion protein after the treatment with DTT (FIG. 5, Lane3). This result strongly demonstrates that a recombinant fusion proteincan be designed with a disulfide linker that will release the activedomain, G-CSF, upon reduction.

Accordingly, the invention provides methods for designing recombinantfusion proteins having a cleavable linker that can be cleaved in vivo.The invention also pertains to novel fusion proteins containingcleavable spacers that are capable of being cleaved in vivo.

Polypeptides

A polypeptide of the invention (i.e., a G-CSF-dithiocyclopeptide-Tffusion protein) comprises a first protein domain (e.g., a G-CSF domain),a second protein domain (e.g., a Tf domain), and a dithiocyclopeptidespacer containing at least one protease cleavage site. Thedithiocyclopeptide is exogenous relative to the first or second proteindomain, and the first and second protein domains are operably linked bythe dithiocyclopeptide.

As used herein, a “protein domain” refers to a wild-type protein ofinterest, or a variant of the protein that retains a biological functionof the wild-type protein. The size of a protein domain of the inventionmay be 10-100, 20-90, 30-80, 40-70, or 50-60 kDa. Variants of a proteinof interest may be constructed by, for example, substituting or deletingresidues not needed for a biological function of the protein or byinserting residues that will not affect a biological function of theprotein. Generally, substitutions should be made conservatively, i.e.,the most preferred substitute amino acids are those havingphysiochemical characteristics resembling those of the residues to bereplaced. Examples of conservative substitutions include substitution ofone aliphatic residue for another, such as Ile, Val, Leu, or Ala for oneanother, or substitution of one polar residue for another, such asbetween Lys and Arg, Glu and Asp, or Gln and Asn. Other suchconservative substitutions, for example, substitution of an entireregion with another having similar hydrophobicity characteristics, arewell known in the art. Moreover, particular amino acid differencesbetween proteins of different species (e.g., human, murine and othermammals) are suggestive of additional conservative substitutions thatmay be made without altering the essential biological characteristics ofthe protein. The activity of a protein domain may be determined usingany of the methods known in the art for that protein.

For example, a “G-CSF domain” is a protein domain that retains thebiological functions of G-CSF, i.e., promoting the proliferation,survival, maturation and functional activation of cells from theneutrophilic granulocyte lineage. In some embodiments, a G-CSF domainmay have the wild-type amino acid sequence of a G-CSF protein (e.g., ahuman G-CSF protein). In other embodiments, a G-CSF domain may be avariant of the wild-type G-CSF. G-CSF variants may be constructed usingthe methods described above. The activity of a G-CSF domain may bedetermined using any of the methods known in the art. For example, aNFS-60 MTT proliferation assay may be employed as described in theexamples below.

A “Tf domain” is a protein domain that retains the biological functionsof Tf, i.e., binding and transporting iron. In some embodiments, the Tfdomain may have the wild-type amino acid sequence of a Tf protein (e.g.,a human Tf protein). In other embodiments, the Tf domain may be avariant of the wild-type Tf. Tf variants may be constructed usingmethods described above. The activity of a Tf domain may be determinedusing any of the methods known in the art. For example, the activity ofa Tf domain may be determined by measuring its ability to bind a TfR.

A “dithiocyclopeptide” is a peptide containing two thiol groups that canbe oxidized to form an intramolecular disulfide bond and a ring-likestructure. The disulfide bond may be reduced, e.g., either in vivo or invitro. A dithiocyclopeptide may have 5-50, 10-40, or 20-30 amino acids.A dithiocyclopeptide of the invention contains at least one proteasecleavage site. Proteases and their cleavage sites are commonly known inthe art. For example, PRS may be used as a cleavage site for thrombin.The first and second protein domains are operably linked by thedithiocyclopeptide. By “operably” is meant that the loop of thedithiocyclopeptide, when inserted between the first and second proteindomains, should be exposed and accessible for protease digestion,intramolecular disulfide bond formation, and reduction of the disulfidebond. A polypeptide of the invention may contain multiple copies of theprotein domains operably linked by dithiocyclopeptide spacers. Thedesign of a polypeptide of the invention is described in detail below inthe examples.

A polypeptide of the invention may be chemically synthesized or producedas a recombinant protein. For production of a recombinant protein, a DNAencoding the polypeptide is constructed and transcribed into an mRNA.The mRNA is then translated into the recombinant protein. To facilitateproduction of the recombinant protein, a secretion signal may be addedat the N-terminus of the protein. The recombinant protein will then besecreted from a cell into the culture medium and can be collectedaccordingly. The order of the G-CSF domain and the Tf domain in apolypeptide of the invention may vary. In some embodiments, the G-CSFdomain may be located to the N-terminus of the Tf domain. In otherembodiments, the G-CSF domain may be located to the C-terminus of the Tfdomain.

When linked to a Tf domain, the G-CSF domain is transported into andacross a cell through the TfR pathway. It is more efficient thantransport of a G-CSF protein by itself. Transcytosis is the uptake ofmaterial at one face of a cell by endocytosis, its transfer across acell in vesicles, and its discharge from another face by exocytosis(Alberts et. al. (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4^(th) edition,Garland Science, p. G-35). Transport and transcytosis of a polypeptideof the invention and the G-CSF domain may be measured and compared usingany of the methods known in the art.

Nucleic Acids

The invention also provides a nucleic acid containing a DNA sequenceencoding a polypeptide of the invention. Such a nucleic acid may beconstructed using recombinant DNA technology well known in the art.

For example, a nucleic acid of the invention may be a vector containinga DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention. The vector canbe used for production of the polypeptide. As used herein, the term“vector” refers to a nucleic acid capable of transporting anothernucleic acid to which it has been linked. Various types of vectors arewell known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,756,196 and6,787,345. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to a circulardouble stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can beligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additionalDNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors arecapable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they areintroduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin ofreplication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g.,non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a hostcell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicatedalong with the host genome. Moreover, certain expression vectors arecapable of directing the expression of genes to which they areoperatively linked.

The recombinant expression vectors are suitable for expression of apolypeptide of the invention in a host cell. These vectors include oneor more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells,operatively linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide ofthe invention. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operativelylinked” means that the nucleic acid sequence of interest is linked tothe regulatory sequences in a manner which allows for expression of thenucleic acid sequence (e,g., in an in vitro transcription/translationsystem or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the hostcell). “Regulatory sequences” refers to promoters, enhancers and otherexpression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Suchregulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel, supra,Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expressionof a nucleic acid sequence in many types of host cell and those whichdirect expression of a nucleic acid sequence only in certain host cells(e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector candepend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed,the level of expression of protein desired, etc. The expression vectorscan be introduced into host cells to thereby produce a polypeptide ofthe invention. They can be designed for expression of the polypeptide inprokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, e.g., bacterial cells such as E. coli,insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cells, ormammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel,Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press,San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, the recombinant expressionvector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example, using T7promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide of the invention may be expressed inmammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. Examples ofmammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed (1987) Nature 329:840),pCI (Promega), and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:187-195).When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functionsare often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonlyused promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirusand Simian Virus 40. For other suitable expression systems for bothprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, see Chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook etal. eds., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y., 1989.

In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expression vector iscapable of directing expression of the polypeptide preferentially in aparticular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are usedto express the polypeptide). Tissue-specific regulatory elements areknown in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable tissue-specificpromoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert et al.(1987) Genes Dev. 1:268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame andEaton (1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275), in particular promoters of Tcell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733) andimmunoglobulins (Banerji et al. (1983) Cell 33:729-740 and Queen andBaltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g., theneurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 86:5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund et al. (1985)Science 230:912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milkwhey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European ApplicationPublication No. 264,166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are alsoencompassed, for example the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss(1990) Science 249:374-379) and the alpha-fetoprotein promoter (Camperand Tilghman (1989) Genes Dev. 3:537-546).

Cells

Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into which anucleic acid of the invention has been introduced. The terms “host cell”refers not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny orpotential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications mayoccur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmentalinfluences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parentcell, but are still included within the scope of the term as usedherein.

A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, apolypeptide of the invention can be expressed in bacterial cells such asE. coli, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamsterovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known tothose skilled in the art.

A nucleic acid can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cellsvia conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As usedherein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” refer to a varietyof art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acids(e.g., DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calciumchloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection,lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming ortransfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (supra), andother laboratory manuals.

For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known that, dependingupon the expression vector and transfection technique used, only a smallfraction of cells may integrate the foreign DNA into their genome. Inorder to identify and select these integrants, a gene that encodes aselectable marker (e.g., resistance to antibiotics) is generallyintroduced into the host cells along with the DNA encoding a polypeptideof the invention. Preferred selectable markers include those whichconfer resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin and methotrexate. Anucleci acid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a hostcell on the same vector as that encoding a polypeptide of the inventionor can be introduced on a separate vector. Stably transfected cells canbe identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated theselectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die).

A host cell of the invention, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic hostcell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) a polypeptide ofthe invention. Accordingly, the invention provides a method forproducing a polypeptide of the invention using the host cells of theinvention. In one embodiment, the method comprises culturing the hostcell of the invention in a suitable medium such that the polypeptide isproduced. In another embodiment, the method further comprises isolatingthe polypeptide from the medium or the host cell. Methods for cellculture and protein expression and purification can be found, e.g., inSambrook et al. (supra) and other laboratory manuals.

Compositions

A polypeptide of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceuticalcompositions suitable for administration. Such compositions typicallycomprise the polypeptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Asused herein, the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers” includeany and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial andantifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and thelike, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of suchmedia and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known inthe art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent isincompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositionsis contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporatedinto the compositions. In addition, the composition may includestabilizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate, BSA, and casein.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routesof administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical),transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions usedfor parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include thefollowing components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection,saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propyleneglycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can beadjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodiumhydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorEL (BASF; Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, andliquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixturesthereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in thecomposition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can bebrought about by including in the composition an agent which delaysabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating thepolypeptide in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one ora combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the polypeptide into a sterile vehicle which contains abasic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the activeingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previouslysterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, thepolypeptide can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be preparedusing a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound inthe fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated orswallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvantmaterials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets,pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient suchas starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. For administrationby inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosolspray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitablepropellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, forexample, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, andfusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. Fortransdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated intoointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The compositions can also be prepared in the form of suppositories(e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter andother glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide of the invention is prepared withcarriers that will protect the polypeptide against rapid eliminationfrom the body, such as a controlled release formulation, includingimplants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable,biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate,polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, andpolylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will beapparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtainedcommercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cellswith monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according tomethods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject tobe treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activecompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on the unique characteristics of the polypeptide and theparticular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitationsinherent in the art of compounding such a polypeptide for the treatmentof individuals.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be included in acontainer, pack, or dispenser together with instructions foradministration.

Uses

A polypeptide of the invention with a disulfide spacer between the twoprotein domains is useful for the separation of the two domains inside acell or body in order to achieve individual biological activity. To thisend, an innovative disulfide spacer in the polypeptide is designed byinserting a disulfide-containing cyclopeptide spacer with aprotease-specific cutting site. The polypeptide with thedithiocyclopeptide spacer is processed in vitro to convert the spacerinto a disulfide-linkage. When a cell or body is contacted with theprocessed polypeptide, the disulfide bond in the dithiocyclopeptidespacer is reduced during the transport of the polypeptide into the cellor when the polypeptide is inside the cell. The two protein domains areseparated and function individually.

A polypeptide of the invention may be used according to the functions ofthe protein domains to be delivered into a cell. For example, G-CSF hasbeen found to be useful in the treatment of conditions where an increasein neutrophils will provide benefits. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,790,628. For example, for cancer patients, G-CSF is beneficial as ameans of selectively stimulating neutrophil production to compensate forhematopoietic deficits resulting from chemotherapy or radiation therapy.Other indications include treatment of various infectious diseases andrelated conditions, such as sepsis, which is typically caused by ametabolite of bacteria. G-CSF is also useful alone, or in combinationwith other compounds, such as other cytokines, for growth or expansionof cells in culture (for example, for bone marrow transplants or ex vivoexpansion). G-CSF has been administered to transplant patients as anadjunct to treatment of infection or for treatment of neutropenia (Difloet al. (1992) Hepatology 16:PA278, Wright et al. (1991) Hepatology14:PA48, Lachaux et al. (1993) J. Ped. 123:1005-1008, and Colquehoun etal. (1993) Transplantation 56:755-7580).

For protein domains that have pharmaceutical functions, the inventionprovides a treatment method involving administering to a subject in needthereof an effective amount of a composition of the invention. A subjectto be treated may be identified in the judgment of a subject or a healthcare professional, and can be subjective (e.g., opinion) or objective(e.g., measurable by a test or diagnostic method). The term “treating”is defined as administration of a substance to a subject with thepurpose to cure, alleviate, relieve, remedy, prevent, or ameliorate adisorder, symptoms of the disorder, a disease state secondary to thedisorder, or predisposition toward the disorder. An “effective amount”is an amount of the substance that is capable of producing a medicallydesirable result as delineated herein in a treated subject. Themedically desirable result may be objective (i.e., measurable by sometest or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of orfeels an effect).

The effective amount of a composition of the invention is between 0.001and 300 mg/kg body weight, 1-4 times every two weeks. The effectiveamount can be any specific amount within the aforementioned range,wherein the lower boundary is any number of mg/kg body weight between0.001 and 299, inclusive, and the upper boundary is any number of mg/kgbody weight between 0.002 and 300, inclusive. The effective amount isuseful in a monotherapy or in combination therapy for the treatment ofrelevant disorders. In particular, a dose of 5 μg/kg body weight may beused for human injection and a dose of 50 μg/kg of body weight may beused for oral administration in human. As the skilled artisan willappreciate, lower or higher closes than those recited above may berequired. Effective amounts and treatment regimens for any particularsubject (e.g., a mammal such as human) will depend upon a variety offactors, including the age, body weight, general health status, sex,diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, theseverity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the subject'sdisposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment ofthe treating physician or veterinarian.

The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, thescope of the invention. While such examples are typical of those thatmight be used, other procedures known to those skilled in the art mayalternatively be utilized. Indeed, those of ordinary skill in the artcan readily envision and produce further embodiments, based on theteachings herein, without undue experimentation.

EXAMPLE I

Using receptors as targets and receptor-binding ligands as vectors fortranscellular transport is a promising way of achieving selectivedelivery of peptide and protein drugs across the intestinal epithelium[7]. This process, termed receptor-mediated transcytosis, is highlyspecific because it enhances only the transport of molecules that areconjugated to receptor-binding ligands [8]. Receptor-mediatedtranscytosis is an inherent cellular process in epithelial andendothelial cells [9]. Unlike most current approaches, which usepenetration enhancers such as bile salts and lipids to increaseepithelial insulin absorption [10], a receptor-mediated transcytoticprocess does not change the structure of the plasma membranes or theintercellular junctions, and conceivably has fewer unwanted side-effectsand safety concerns.

TfR has been utilized for the development of orally administered,receptor-mediated delivery systems for peptide and protein drugs for thefollowing reasons: a) TfR density has been found to be very high inhuman [11] and rat GI epithelium [12]. Utilization of even a fraction ofthis receptor pool can potentially result in significant delivery ofTf-conjugated peptides across the GI mucosal barrier. The high densityof TfR in intestinal epithelial cells makes TfR a better vehicle thanother receptors with low density, such as cobalamin-intrinsic factorreceptors [13], for the GI absorption of a therapeutically effectiveclose of peptide drugs. b) Tf is a natural carrier protein for iron[14]. Hence, unlike the binding of hormones or growth factors to theirreceptors, the binding of Tf to TfR will not alter any major metabolicor physiologic functions within the cell. c) Diferric Tf has been foundto be a relatively stable glycoprotein in the GI tract. Enzymes such aschymotrypsin, which are responsible for the degradation of a majority ofthe proteins and peptides in the GI tract, have a low degradative actionon the Tf molecule [15]. d) The mechanism in which Tf deposits iron inthe cells has been well characterized [16]. There are many studiespublished on immunohistochemical detection for tissue distribution ofTfR, both TfR1 and TfR2, each indicating the presence of the receptorsin the small intestine. Generally, TfR staining is strongest in thecrypt region and decreases moving along the entire villous axis [17].However, perhaps due to differences in tissue isolation and fixationmethods, localization differs slightly [16]. Due to the area oflocalization in intestinal epithelial cells, it is generally believedthat TfR is not directly involved in the major iron absorption from thediet [18]. However, recent findings indicate that TfR can serve as aregulator of iron absorption in GI epithelia via the TfR-mediatedendocytosis/transcytosis pathway, although the exact molecularmechanisms have not been established [19]. Furthermore, the possibilityof a transient appearance of TfR on the luminal side as a result ofmembrane mis-sorting due to the recycling protein transport pathway inintestinal epithelial cells [20] can also induce anapical-to-basolateral TfR-mediated transcytosis for the GI absorption ofprotein drugs. Therefore, a further understanding of the intracellularprocessing and regulation of TfR at the target sites, such as theintestinal epithelium for oral absorption, that govern the destiny ofinternalized Tf will result in ever increasing applications of TfR as apharmaceutically relevant marker for drug delivery.

During recent years, TfR has been developed as a potential ligand toenable drug targeting and delivery of therapeutic agents that wouldnormally suffer from poor pharmacokinetic characteristics [21].TfR-directed targeting has enabled the efficient delivery of therapeuticagents to sites of interest, including the central nervous system [22]and malignant tissues [23, 24]. In addition, by utilizing knowledge ofthe intracellular sorting and recycling pathways of TfR, including Raband PI(3)K mediated processes [25, 26], one can maximize thetransepithelial delivery of peptide-based therapeutics. Depending uponthe desired result, apparently paradoxical effects can be achieved. Forexample, TfR-based strategies can selectively achieve either anaccumulation of the carried drug within targeted tissues, or thedelivery of the therapeutic entity across tissues of interest [27].Previous studies unequivocally demonstrated that Tf-based chemicalconjugation could be applied for non-invasive delivery of therapeuticproteins across the absorptive barriers, such as the small intestinal[28] and alveolar epithelial [29] cells, which express TfR on thesurface. More importantly, a hypoglycemic effect was observed from usingorally administered insulin-Tf conjugate in streptozotocin-induceddiabetic rats [5, 30]. Similarly, an increase of neutrophil number wasobserved when a Tf conjugate of G-CSF was administered orally to BDF1mice [6, 29]. However, the major obstacle with the chemical conjugationmethodology is that the chemically cross-linked products are mostlyheterogeneous mixtures of various size and composition [29] and,conceivably, are not suitable as therapeutic drugs. In addition, thehigh cost of preparing TI chemical conjugates with a reasonable purityalso prohibits developing them into marketable drugs. To overcome theseobstacles, the possibility of using recombinant DNA technology toprepare fusion proteins that consist of both Tf and therapeutic proteinmoieties for transport and biological activity was explored.

Fusion proteins consisting of anti-TfR antibody and protein drugs havebeen developed for TfR-mediated transcytosis across blood-brain barrierendothelial cells [22, 31]. Anti-TfR antibody, rather than Tf, waschosen as the carrier for this blood to central nervous system transportmodel due to the high level of endogenous Tf in the blood. It wasreasoned that for oral administration, since there is very littleendogenous Tf in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the construction offusion proteins with a Tf, rather than anti-TM, moiety should besuitable for the development of protein drugs in oral delivery. Todemonstrate the feasibility of using a Tf-fusion protein for oral drugdelivery, a recombinant plasmid consisting of cDNA from both human Tfand human G-CSF was recently prepared [1]. After transfecting thisplasmid into HEK 293 cells in culture, a protein from the conditionedmedium with a molecular weight of approximately 100 kD, which waspositive in Western blotting assay for both Tf (MW; 80 kD) and G-CSF(MW: 19 kD), was isolated. More importantly, this fusion protein showeda marked effect on the increase of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) whenorally administered to BDF1 mice [1]. The findings on the oralbioavailability of recombinant Tf-G-CSF fusion protein have given riseto great expectations by others for the future development of proteindrugs [32].

Even though the feasibility of using Tf-fusion proteins as oral drugshas been demonstrated, there are several issues that must be addressedbefore Tf-fusion proteins can be applied toward future clinicalutilization. First, it was found that the in vitro biological activitiesof both Tf and G-CSF moieties were less than 10% of each of the originalproteins [1]. Although this in vitro activity was significantly higherthan that of the intact chemical conjugate as previously reported [6],it indicates that the oral efficacy of the Tf-fusion protein deliverysystem would be even higher if a G-CSF-Tf fusion protein with improvedin vitro activity could be obtain. Furthermore, many protein drugs maynot be pharmacologically active if they are covalently linked to Tf.These limitations can be solved by inserting a linker peptide, eithercleavable or non-cleavable in vivo, between the Tf and the therapeuticprotein moieties. Linker peptides have been widely used to reduce theinteraction between two moieties in a fusion protein [33]. In addition,linker peptides with a specific thrombin-cutting site can also bedesigned to separate the two domains in the fusion protein by thrombintreatment [34]. Recently published results on the insertion of helicalpeptide spacers in G-CSF-Tf clearly demonstrate that a significantimprovement of both in vitro and in vivo biological activity of arecombinant fusion protein can be achieved by increasing the distancebetween the two functional domains [35]. Furthermore, the success in thepreparation of disulfide-linked fusion proteins from previous studiesprovides the opportunity to achieve an in vivo separation of the activedomain, G-CSF, from the carrier domain, Tf. Previous studies inchemically conjugated Tf either with insulin or as the aggregated Tf bythe disulfide linkage demonstrated that free protein drugs were releasedby the disulfide-reduction reaction during or after the transport acrossintestinal epithelial cells [30, 41]. Therefore, it is very likely thata fully activated G-CSF can be released from the fusion protein into theblood circulation. To the inventor's knowledge, this is the firstexample of a fusion protein that has been designed to release thefunctional domain in vivo via disulfide reduction, even though thedisulfide bond is one of the most commonly used linkages in preparingchemical conjugates in drug delivery [36]. A fusion protein with such anin vivo cleavable spacer between the two domains can have many otherapplications. One application is to prepare fusion proteins withmultiple functional domains, such as a multi-G-CSF-Tf fusion proteinwhich will release many active G-CSF molecules from a single Tf-fusionprotein. Conceivably, a multiple functional domain fusion protein willgreatly reduce the dosage and improve the therapeutic efficacy in oraldelivery.

Besides the in vitro and in vivo activity, other chemical, biochemical,and pharmacikinetic properties are also important for determining thebioavailability and therapeutic properties of the fusion protein in oralabsorption. One of the major concerns is the stability of the fusionprotein against proteolysis in the GI tract [37]. As reported by others,Tf is resistant to trypsin and chymotrypsin degradation [15]. Mostrecent results on insulin-Tf conjugates indicated that Tf can alsoprotect insulin from chymotrypsin digestion [41]. Therefore, it is verylikely that the stability of the G-CSF domain in the fusion protein isalso better than that of free G-CSF in the GI tract. Another concern maybe the toxicity of the fusion protein either locally or systemically.The toxicity of Tf has not been considered because the amount of Tf inhuman body is very high, i.e., approximately 240 mg/kg with half of itin the blood [42]. Therefore, it is unlikely that the amount of Tfabsorbed as part of the fusion protein, possibly at the ng/ml levels,would cause any adverse effect. Similarly, G-CSF is a naturalhematopoietic growth factor that has been used clinically for many years[43]. The more serious side effects of G-CSF, such as splenomegaly andosteoporosis, occur only in chronic administration [43]. There is noreason to believe that these side effects will be enhanced by oraladministration of the fusion protein because none of them is associatedwith the GI tract [43].

Finally, like other protein drugs, the immunogenicity of the fusionprotein should be addressed. Since the fusion protein G-CSF-Tf consistsof human Tf and human G-CSF, the immunogenicity in humans is difficultto be evaluated in the mouse BDF1 model. It is generally believed thatthe immune system responds to dietary proteins by inducing oraltolerance which will lead to non-responsiveness to the antigens [38].Therefore, it is unlikely that a fusion protein of human G-CSF and Tfwill become a strong oral immunogen either in animal models or inhumans.

In summary, based on previous findings on the oral delivery ofinsulin-Tf in diabetic rats and G-CSF-Tf in BDF1 mice, it is believedthat Tf could be used as a delivery vehicle to improve the GI absorptionof other peptide and protein drugs. Recent findings on the recombinantG-CSF-Tf fusion protein, with either cleavable or non-cleavable peptidespacers, further demonstrate that it is feasible to design a recombinantprotein with both oral absorption and therapeutic effectiveness. In thiscurrent application, one object is to investigate the optimization ofthe pharmacological activity, as well as the mechanism of transport, ofthe Tf-fusion protein in order to fully explore the potential for theapplication in oral therapeutics. This innovative transport process ofTf-fusion proteins will provide a unique opportunity to develop a newgeneration of protein drugs that can be administered via the oral routefor treating human diseases. The impact of such a drug delivery systemon cost-effectiveness and patient compliance in long-term pharmaceuticalcare, to say the least, would be enormous.

Detection of TM in Rat Intestines

Frozen sections of rat small intestine were prepared and fixed in 3.7%formaldehyde for 15 min at RT, rinsed with PBS and then quenched with 50mM NH₄Cl. Following blocking with 10% FBS, tissue samples were incubatedwith monoclonal anti-TIE antibody (50 μg/mL OX26 in 1.5% FBS in PBS) for1 h at RT, washed with PBS and then incubated for 1.5 h at RT with aFITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:100). The slideswere washed in PBS and mounted with prolong antifade for fluorescencemicroscopy. FIG. 1 shows the intact villi with positive TIE staining ofenterocytes on the luminal side, predominantly in the lower villous andcrypt areas. This also demonstrates that some TIE may be transientlypresent on the luminal surface. In addition to this result, there aremany studies published of immunohistochemical detection for intestinaltissue distribution of TfR, both TfR1 and TfR2, each indicating TfRstaining is strongest in the crypt region and decreases moving along theentire villous axis [17, 44].

Evidence of Tf-Accumulation in Caco-2 Cells

Results from recent studies of the in vivo pharmacological effect of Tfconjugates or fusion proteins indicate that there is a sustained releaseof the protein drugs into the blood stream after oral absorption viaTfR-mediated transcytosis [1]. To identify the intestinal epithelialcells as the potential depot for the Tf-conjugates, enterocyte-likeCaco-2 cells were used as a model to investigate the intracellularprocessing of internalized Tf. The cellular uptake of Tf was compared inCaco-2 cells and, as a control, MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells. A linearincrease in cellular uptake of ¹²⁵I-Tf was observed in Caco-2 cells, butnot in MCF-7 cells, which reached a plateau within one hour as isexpected when a rapid recycling of TfR occurs (FIG. 2). In addition, thepulse-chase study also indicated that there was an accumulation of Tf inCaco-2 cells but not in MCF-7 cells (FIG. 3). These findings suggestthat apically-internalized Tf is retained longer in an intracellularcompartment in Caco-2 cells, and this retention is not detected in MCF-7cells. Since the intracellular retention of Tf has not been reported inother cell culture studies, and has only been mentioned recently as aregulatory mechanism for the intestinal absorption of iron [18], itdemonstrates that the sustained release of orally absorbed Tf is due tothe storage of Tf in the intestinal epithelial cells.

Recombinant G-CSF-Tf Fusion Protein with the Insertion of DisulfideCyclopeptide Sequences

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a reducible linkerbetween the two domains in a recombinant fusion protein, a plasmid ofG-CSF-Tf with a disulfide cyclopeptide as the spacer has recently beenconstructed. The sequence of the disulfide cyclopeptide was based onthat of somatostatin (FIG. 7), with the replacement of the sequence ofamino acid 8-10, WKT, by a thrombin-specific sequence, PRS. Theselection of PRS sequence was based on well-studied peptide substratesfor thrombin catalysis [45]. It is believed that the replacement ofLys(8)-Thr(9) in somatostatin by Arg-Ser would have a minimal effect onthe peptide conformation because both the positive charge and thehydroxyl group are preserved. Therefore, the only significant change inthe sequence was the replacement of Trp(7) in somatostatin by proline toconcur with the specificity of thrombin [34, 45]. It was believed thatthis somatostatin-like peptide sequence between G-CSF and Tf shouldcyclize spontaneously. The disulfide cyclopeptide linker in the fusionprotein could be cut by thrombin in vitro to generate a fusion proteinwith G-CSF and Tf domains linked by a disulfide bond between the twocysteinyl residues in the spacer peptide (FIG. 6). This exposed disufidebond could be reduced during or after the GI absorption and, therefore,the two domains would be separated in the blood circulation.

The method of insertion of the linker peptide between G-CSF and Tf isdescribed below. The DNA sequence, as well as its corresponding aminoacid sequence, of the cyclopeptide spacer is shown in FIG. 4. Theplasmid was transfected in HEK293 cells, and the fusion protein releasedinto the conditioned medium was collected as described below. Thisfusion protein was subjected to thrombin-treatment and subsequentlyreduced by DTT.

As shown in FIG. 5, the G-CSF and Tf domains in approximately 50% of thefusion protein were still linked together (100 kDa) after thrombintreatment (FIG. 5, Lane 4), indicating a 50% cyclization of the spacerpeptide with disulfide bond formation. This assumption was confirmed bythe separation of Tf and G-CSF from the thrombin-cut fusion proteinafter the treatment with DTT (FIG. 5, Lane 3). This result stronglydemonstrates that a recombinant fusion protein can be designed with adisulfide linker that will release in vivo the active domain, G-CSF,upon reduction.

The application of biotechnological products as therapeutic drugs forthe treatment of human diseases is limited by the poor absorption ofproteins and peptides across mucosal barriers, most noticeably theintestinal epithelial cells. Thus, protein and peptide drugs are almostexclusively administered through injection. Since most of these drugsare used for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as insulin fordiabetes, frequent injections can cause inconvenience, poor compliance,and adverse side-effects to the patients. Therefore, to developnon-invasive delivery systems for proteins and peptides, especially themost convenient oral route of administration, has long been sought bythe pharmaceutical industry. Despite the great efforts that have beendirected towards this area of research, there is no established methodfor the oral delivery of these drugs.

As a continuous effort to investigate transferrin receptor(TfR)-mediated transcytosis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, atransferrin (Tf) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)fusion protein (G-CSF-Tf) has been recently prepared by usingrecombinant technology [1]. This fusion protein not only possesses bothTfR-binding and cell proliferative activity in vitro, but also oralmyelopoietic activity in vivo. These findings offer a new approach inthe development of recombinant therapeutic proteins with oralbioavailability. However, the fusion protein maintained only a smallfraction of the in vitro biological activity of either G-CSF or Tf.Therefore, one object is to investigate the spacers between G-CSF and Tfmoieties in the fusion protein to optimize biological activities. Thespacers especially with the cleavable linkage are important forextending the findings to other therapeutic proteins which may not beactive in the Tf-fusion protein form. Furthermore, another object is toinvestigate the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of orallyadministered G-CSF-Tf for improving therapeutic efficacy. An additionalobject is to elucidate the mechanism and to exploit the application ofthe sustained myelopoietic effect of orally absorbed G-CSF-Tf.

In order to achieve these goals, the following will be carried out:

1. Preparing G-CSF-Tf constructs with different spacers to improve invitro biological activities.

a. To design and produce fusion proteins with reducible disulfidespacers, including fusion protein with multiple G-CSF domains;

b. To test the in vitro bioactivity of the fusion proteins from (a):

i. TfR-binding assay in Caco-2 cells;

ii. Cell proliferative assay in NFS-60 cells.

2. Comparing in vivo myelopoietic activity—subcutaneous versus oralroutes:

a. To investigate selected fusion proteins for their myelopoieticeffects with subcutaneous and oral administration in BDF1 mice;

b. To investigate the effect of dietary iron on the accumulation andtransport of the fusion protein in the GI epithelium.

3. Measuring pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of the fusionprotein:

a. To detect the plasma concentration of selected fusion proteins afteroral administration;

b. To detect the tissue distribution of orally administered fusionprotein;

c. To elucidate the transport mechanism, deposition, and bioavailabilityof selected fusion proteins.

The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of G-CSF-Tf, as well asthe technology for controlled release of G-CSF from the fusion protein,will be established in BDF1 mice. The long term goal is to developtransferrin-fusion proteins into a new class of protein drugs that canbe administered orally by patients. Results from this invention willalso provide important information for the design of therapeuticrecombinant proteins with other routes of administration for thetreatment of various human diseases.

Preparation G-CSF-Tf Constructs with Different Spacers to Improve invitro Biological Activities

The fusion protein, G-CSF-Tf, exhibited less than 10% of the in vitroTfR binding and cell proliferation activity as compared to G-CSF and Tfindividually. Since this fusion protein included a very short spacer,i.e., Leu-Glu, which is not cleavable, it is likely that the in vitroactivity is an indication of the in vivo myelopoietic effect, which canbe improved upon. Therefore, Tf-binding and NFS-60 cell proliferationassays can be performed for the selection of active fusion proteins.

One approach for improving the biological activity is to insert aspacer, which will separate the Tf and G-CSF domains in the fusionprotein and, consequently, decrease interference of the binding to eachrespective receptor. On the other hand, it is also possible to insert aspacer that can be cleaved in the body so that an unmodified proteindrug can be released, where subsequently a complete recovery of thebiological activity can be achieved. A cleavable spacer could beimportant for delivery of protein drugs that require transport from theblood to the specific tissue for the pharmacological action. Bothapproaches will be utilized to improve the effect of the G-CSF-fusionprotein. Previous results obtained from the fusion protein spacers willbe used as a guideline for the design of optimal spacers for fusionproteins. Additionally, the use of computer modeling techniques to aidin the design and evaluation of various linkers will allow quick andcost efficient selection for in vitro testing. Constructs with predictedactive protein structures will be selected and transfected in HEK293cells for the production of the fusion proteins. The products will thenbe subjected to both TfR-binding and NFS-60 cell proliferation assays toverify biological activity. Only those fusion proteins with highbiological activity will be further tested for in vivo myelopoieticactivity in mice.

Design and production of G-CSF-Tf with cleavable spacers. Fusionproteins with protease-cleavable spacers are generally designed for thein vitro production of recombinant products. For example, the thrombincutting site has been widely used for linking a recombinant protein witha binding moiety such as glutathione transferase in order to purify therecombinant protein by using affinity chromatography [49]. However, thistype of cleavable spacer is not very practical for in vivo separation ofthe two protein moieties after oral administration for two reasons: (a)it is difficult to achieve a highly specific proteolysis of the spaceronly after the GI absorption of the fusion protein, and (b) plasmaproteases are highly specific, but they are mostly activated underunique physiological or pathological conditions, such as the presence ofplasmin and thrombin in the blood clotting process.

It has been previously demonstrated that the disulfide linkage inprotein conjugates was reduced during, but not before, transport acrossepithelial cell monolayers as well as in the GI epithelium [29, 41].Therefore, fusion proteins will be designed with a disulfide spacerbetween the two protein moieties that will be accessible for reductionas observed in the chemical disulfide conjugates (FIG. 6). An innovativedisulfide spacer in the fusion protein will be designed by inserting adisulfide-containing cyclopeptide spacer with a thrombin-specificcutting site. The fusion protein with the dithiocyclopeptide spacer willthen be processed in vitro to convert the spacer into adisulfide-linkage.

The choice of the cyclopeptide spacer should fulfill three criteria.First, the peptide sequence should spontaneously form a cyclicconformation. Second, the peptide sequence should contain athrombin-specific cutting site with a high efficiency. Third, the loopof the cyclopeptide spacer, when inserted between G-CSF and Tf, shouldbe exposed and accessible for thrombin digestion and disulfidereduction. Therefore, the peptide will be designed based on the sequenceof natural occurring cyclopeptides. For example, salmon calcitonincontains a cycloheptapeptide and somatostatin contains acyclododecapeptide, both rings being formed by a disulfide linkage. The14-amino acid cyclopeptide, somatostatin, is particularly interestingbecause it contains two lysyl residues in a 12-amino acid ring and wouldbe easy to introduce a highly selective cutting site for thrombin (FIG.7(A)). The cyclopeptide spacer was based on the structure ofsomatostatin (FIG. 7(B)), and has demonstrated (a) the spontaneouslycyclization of the spacer in the fusion protein, and (b) theaccessibility to thrombin-cutting and disulfide reduction to separate Tfand G-CSF.

There are several potential concerns in the design of the disulfidespacer. First, even though highly reactive thrombin-cutting site can bescreened from the amino acid sequence, there are many lysyl and arginylresidues in proteins that may possess a low activity toward thrombincutting. Therefore, the fusion protein after thrombin cleavage will beanalyzed by SDS-PAGE to verify that the two protein moieties are intact.If thrombin can digest the protein at sites other than the cyclopeptidespacer, other specific proteases, such as factor Xa [34] will beconsidered for the in vitro processing. Furthermore, it has beenreported that recombinant proteases can possess very high restriction onan amino acid sequence [50]. If a different protease will be used toprocess the fusion protein, the sequence of the cyclopeptide will bealtered to present a new specific cutting site. However, results fromthe study of the cyclopeptide-spaced fusion protein indicated that bothTf and G-CSF are not sensitive to thrombin digestion. Therefore, thenon-specific digestion by thrombin is not an issue for the currentstudy.

The results showed that approximately 50% of the fusion protein remainedas the intact 100 kDa protein after thrombin treatment. This resultstrongly supports the feasibility of the design of the cleavable spacerwith disulfide linkage generated by thrombin-cutting of the cyclicpeptide for the in vivo release of free G-CSF upon reduction of thedisulfide spacer. However, this result also shows that the other 50% ofthe fusion protein has been converted to free Tf and G-CSF upon thrombindigestion, indicating an incomplete disulfide cyclization in theproduct. There are two possibilities for the incomplete formation of thedisulfide bond between the two cysteinyl residues in the spacer peptide.First, the HEK295 cells were grown in protein-free medium for theproduction of the fusion protein. It is highly possible that some typesof reducing agents have been included in the medium to maintain theviability of the cells (the manufacturer was unwilling to disclose thecontents in the protein-free medium). In this case, the product shouldbe reoxidized under mild conditions after being harvested from themedium. The re-oxidation of denatured proteins to form the disulfidebonds has been well studied [51], and the procedures to examine thecyclization of the spacer peptide in the fusion protein will befollowed. The other possibility is that the replacement of WKT by PRSsequence may alter the somatostatin conformation and increase the energyof the disulfide formation. In this case, the conformation of the cyclicpeptide spacer in FIG. 7(B) will be subjected to further structuremodeling as described below. Attempts will be made to replace one or twoamino acids to minimize the energy for the cyclic conformation whilepreserve the thrombin specificity.

Computer modeling will be performed for initial examination of potentialcleavable spacers, including peptides in FIG. 7. Multiple conformationsof the spacers will be constructed. For natural cyclic peptides, thesewill include the experimentally observed conformer(s). Conformers willbe generated without an S-S bridge, since the purpose of the procedureis to examine the conformational flexibility of the linearized peptide.A similar procedure will be used to vary the spacer conformation, andthe criteria for selection of potential spacer sequences will be asfollows: 1) the proximity of the cysteine side chains; 2) theaccessibility of the thrombin cutting site, and 3) the relative energyof the fusion protein in conformations that meet criteria 1 and 2,compared to other folds that do not meet these criteria. Followinginitial selection of potential spacers, molecular dynamics simulationswill be performed to examine the behavior of the fusion protein in asolvated environment.

The other concern regarding the disulfide spacer is the generation ofnew antigenic epitopes. For example, the cyclopeptide spacer as shown inFIG. 7(B) will generate two peptides after thrombin digestion, with thesequences of LEAGCKNFFPR (SEQ ID NO; 3) and SFTSCGSLE (SEQ ID NO: 4)each attached to a domain of the fusion protein. These two peptides mayinduce the formation of highly specific anti-hapten antibodies. Thisproblem would be an issue if the drug were to be used chronically, eventhough the chance of developing hypersensitivity toward ingestedproteins is very low. One way to avoid this potential problem is theintroduction of two thrombin cutting sites in each cyclopeptide spacer.As shown in FIG. 6(B), it is possible that a disulfide cyclopeptide canbe designed so that very short peptide chains will remain at the spacer.Shorter peptides should decrease the chance of eliciting immuneresponse. FIG. 7(C) shows a hypothetical peptide derived fromsomatostatin structure that possesses two thrombin-cutting sites.Extensive computer modeling of the conformation by altering the FWTFsequence will be performed in order to yield the most stable cyclicconformation that can promote the disulfide bond formation in the spacerpeptide.

Production of Recombinant Fusion Proteins.

(i) The Insertion of a Linker Sequence into the G-CSF-Tf Plasmid

Annealed synthetic phosphorylated oligonucleotides will be used tocreate the linker consisting of double strand DNA between G-CSF and Tf.The linkers will be designed with sticky ends that are complimentarywith the xho1 cutting site. The oligonucleotides will be dissolved in TEbuffer to a final concentration of 20 pmol/μl. 1 μl of eacholigonucleotide solution (both forward and reverse sequences) will bemixed with 2 μl (10×) annealing buffer (100 mM Tris HCl, pH7.5, 1 MNaCl, 10 mM EDTA) and ddH2O will be added to make a final volume of 20μl. The mixture will be heated to 95° C. for 10 min, and allowed to cooldown gradually to room temperature to form the double-stranded DNA with5′-overhangs that are complimentary to the xho 1 cutting site. Thedouble-stranded DNA linkers will be ligated to the xho 1-cutted G-CSF-Tfplasmid that has been treated with phosphatase (CIP). The linker-vectorratio and the ligation temperature will be adjusted to control thecopies of linker inserted. 5 μl ligation mixture will be used totransform JM109 competent cells. The transformed clones will be selectedon ampicillin-agar plates. The plasmids will be isolated and tested byrestriction endonuclease digestion followed by PCR amplification.Several plasmids will be constructed and the sequences of the constructswill be verified by DNA sequencing.

(ii) Expression of Fusion Proteins with Different Linkers

Monolayer grown HEK293 cells will be transfected with different plasmidsby using Lipofectamine2000 (Invitrogen). After 5 h incubation, theprotein free medium CD293 will be replaced. The conditioned medium willbe collected after a 5-day culture. The conditioned medium will becollected and subjected to the analysis of 10% SDS/PAGE. The proteinswill be transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane. Goat anti-human serumTf antibody and anti-human G-CSF antibody will be used as primaryantibodies. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibodywill be used as the secondary antibody, and peroxidase activity will bedetected by the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) method.

(iii) Expression of Tf-Fusion Proteins with Dissociable Multi-G-CSFDomains

One of the limitations of using Tf-fusion protein for oral delivery ofprotein drug is that each fusion protein molecule contains one of eachof Tf and drug domain. Since the molecular weight of Tf (80 kDa) isrelatively larger than most drug proteins (˜20 kDa), the dosage size forthe fusion proteins will be several folds higher than that of the freedrug protein. For example, 5-fold higher dosage size has been used forG-CSF-Tf than G-CSF itself because the molecular weights for these twoproteins are 100 and 20 kD, respectively. Therefore, if amultiple-domain G-CSF fusion protein could be prepared (e.g., 2 G-CSF toone Tf as shown in FIG. 8), the dosage size of the protein drug would bedecreased significantly.

To prepare a multiple G-CSF fusion protein, it is essential that theG-CSF domains in the fusion protein can be separated from each other inorder to individually exert their therapeutic action. This requirementis now achievable with the most recently developed disulfidecyclopeptide linkers. A fusion protein that consists of 2 G-CSF domainsper each Tf domain all tandem linked by disulfide cyclopeptide spacerwill be prepared. After in vitro processing by thrombin-cutting, thefusion protein will release 2 G-CSF molecules after intestinalabsorption (FIG. 8). A 2-fold increase of the in vivo myelopoieticefficacy should be observed in the G-CSF fusion protein with two G-CSFdomains.

Testing of Fusion Proteins in NFS-60 Cell Proliferation Assays andTfR-Binding.

(i) G-CSF-Dependent NFS-60 Cell Proliferation

The G-CSF activity of the fusion protein will be measured by NFS-60 cellproliferation assay [1, 6, 35]. Fusion proteins with thedithiocyclopeptide spacers will be processed by thrombin treatmentbefore testing their biological activity. NFS-60 cells will be washedthree times with RPMI-1640/10% FBS and aliquoted into 96-well microtiterplates at a density of 1×10⁵ cells/ml. Subsequently 10 μl of 10-foldserial dilutions of the G-CSF and fusion protein will be added. Theplates will be incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator for 48 h. A MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assaywill be performed essentially as described [52]. Briefly, the cells willbe treated with 1 mg/ml MTT in serum-free and phenol red-free RPMI 1640media for 4 h. The formazan crystals that form will be dissolved inisopropanol and absorbance will be measured at 570 nm on a TECAN GENiosPlus microplate reader. Fusion proteins with a disulfide spacer,including those with multi-G-CSF domains, will be reduced by DTT beforethe addition to the culture medium of NFS-60 cells for the assessment ofthe in vitro effect in cell proliferation. An extensive dilution of theDTT-treated fusion protein is required to avoid the effect of high DTTconcentration on the cell-proliferation assay.

(ii) TfR Binding Activity

Human Tf will be radiolabeled with ¹²⁵I (ICN, Irvine, Calif.) usingchloramine-T catalyzed iodination, followed by purification usingSephadex G-50 column chromatography, and subsequently dialyzed inphosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.8). Caco-2 cells will be seeded in12-well cluster plates until fully differentiated. Caco-2 monolayerswill be washed with cold PBS three times, and then incubated inserum-free D-MEM supplemented with 0.1% BSA at 37° C. for 30 min toremove the endogenous Tf. A mixture of 3 μg/ml ¹²⁵I-Tf with 3-, 10- or30-fold of unlabeled fusion protein or Tf in D-MEM with 1 mg/ml BSA willbe added to different wells, Similar to section (i), fusion proteinswith disulfide cyclopeptide spacers will be processed bythrombin-treatment before testing the TfR-binding activity. After 30 minof incubation at 4° C., the medium will be removed, and the cellmonolayers will be washed three times with cold PBS. The cells will thenbe dissolved in 1 M NaOH, and the lysates will be counted in a gammacounter. Unlike the cell proliferation assay described in (i), intactdisulfide-spaced fusion proteins without DTT reduction should be usedfor TfR binding assay.

Comparison of in vivo Myelopoietic Activity—Subcutaneous (sc) VersusOral (po) Routes

Investigation of selected fusion proteins for their myelopoietic effectswith sc and po administration in BDF1 mice. It is believed that the invivo myelopoietic activity of most fusion proteins of G-CSF and Tfshould correlate with the in vitro biological activity. This assumptionwill be verified by selecting different fusion proteins for oraladministration in mice. As suggested in a recent publication [35], agood correlation between the in vitro biological activity and the invivo myelopoietic activity in fusion proteins with non-cleavable spacersis expected. However, in the case of fusion proteins with cleavablespacers, even after the thrombin-treatment, the in vivo myelopoieticactivity may not always correlate to the in vitro biological activity,unless the thrombin-processed fusion protein will be further reducedinto two separate domains before the in vitro assays. When injectedsubcutaneously, both cleavable and non-cleavable fusion proteins will betransported into the blood vessel, and a similar myelopoietic activitymay be exhibited because the plasma half-life of the protein-proteindisulfide bond is about 7-8 h [53]. On the other hand, when administeredorally, fusion proteins with a disulfide-spacer may be reduced in eitherthe intestines or the liver to release the free G-CSF into the bloodcirculation. In this case, the rate of free G-CSF releasing may befaster than the transport process of the intact fusion protein fromintestines to the blood. Since the plasma half-life of G-CSF isconsiderably shorter than that of Tf, the released G-CSF will have ashorter plasma half-life than that of the intact fusion protein.Therefore, a higher potency but a shorter duration of the myelopoieticactivity in orally administered disulfide-spaced fusion protein isexpected.

The in vivo myelopoietic activity of the disulfide-spaced fusion proteinwill be compared with that of the chemically linked disulfide conjugatewhich will be prepared as previously described [6]. Since there are manypotential side-reactions that may occur to the protein structure duringthe chemical modification with cross-linking reagents, a higher in vivoefficacy from the fusion proteins than the chemically linked conjugatesis expected. This assumption is based on the previous observation thatthe fusion protein [1] was more effective than the chemically linkeddisulfide conjugate [6] for the increase of ANC in BDF-1 mice. However,different linkages between G-CSF and Tf were used in those studies,i.e., non-cleavable and cleavable linkage for the fusion protein [1] andthe chemical conjugate [6], respectively. Therefore, the comparisonbetween a disulfide-spaced fusion protein and a disulfide-linkedconjugate should give a more accurate assessment of efficacy for in vivomyelopoietic activity.

Male BDF1 mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.), 6-8weeks of age, will be used in all animal experiments described in thisreport. The BDF1 mouse model will be used for the studies because ofprevious experience with this model for assessing human G-CSF responses[1, 6, 35]. In addition, unlike other commercially availablechemotherapy- or radiation-induced neutropenia mouse models (e.g., PerryScientific, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), BDF1 mice are normal animals andwill be a good model to study the physiological GI absorption withoutthe interference of the complications associated with drug or radiationtreatment. The current application focuses on the optimization and themechanism of the GI absorption of Tf-fusion proteins. However,neutropenia mouse models will be considered in the future when thetherapeutic efficacy of G-CSF fusion proteins will be evaluated forfurther development.

BDF1 mice will be allowed to acclimate for 5 days. Animal experimentswill be compliant with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care’ (NIHPublication #85-23) and has been approved by the Institutional AnimalCare and Utilization Committee at the University of Southern California.Prior to dosing, the mice will be fasted for 12 h. The treatment groupswill receive a single dose on day 0. Due to the difference in molecularweight, i.e., 20 kD for G-CSF and 100 kD for the fusion protein, animalswill receive the dose based on equivalent μmoles. For subcutaneousadministration, 5 mg/kg (0.05 μmol/kg) of the fusion protein or 1 mg/kg(0.05 μmol/kg) of G-CSF was injected. For oral administration, 50 mg/kg(0.5 μmol/kg) fusion protein or 10 mg/kg (0.5 μmol/kg) G-CSF will begiven via a gavage needle. All mice will be fed 4 h after the treatment.

Blood samples will be collected daily from the tail vein, diluted20-fold and lysed in an acidic crystal-violet solution (0.1% crystalviolet, 1% acetic acid, in water). Since the size of each blood samplewill be less than 20 μL and the time between each collection will be 24h, the same mice will be used for the entire experiment without anyproblem. From the diluted blood samples, the total white blood cell(WBC) count will be determined manually with a hemacytometer. Thepercentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) among the leukocyteswill be determined manually by using Wright-stained blood smear glassslides that will be examined under an Olympus BH-2 microscope. Theabsolute neutrophil count (ANC) will be determined by multiplying thetotal WBC count by the PMN percentage [1, 6].

Investigation of the effect of dietary iron on the accumulation andtransport of the fusion protein in the GI epithelium. A sustainedmyelopoietic effect of the orally administered G-CSF-Tf fusion proteinin BDF1 mice has been observed [1]. This observation suggests that thereis likely a depot site in the GI for the fusion protein. Previousresults also indicate the accumulation of Tf in cultured Caco-2 cells,which is contradictory to the rapid recycle pathways of TfR in othercell lines. These findings, together with recent reports by others onthe role of apo-Tf in GI absorption of dietary iron [19], suggest thatthere may be a depot compartment for apo-Tf in intestinal epithelialcells which can be regulated by the uptake of iron from the mucosalmembrane via the divalent metal transportor 1 (DMT1). Such a regulatorymechanism will provide a method of controlled release of Tf-fusionprotein from GI epithelia to the blood circulation which conceivablywould be an important factor for the future development of oral proteindrugs. A sustained release may be advantageous for some protein drugssuch as growth hormones, while rapid delivery to the blood circulationmay be required for others such as insulin.

To validate the belief, G-CSF-Tf will be orally administered to BDF1mice together with a subtoxic dose of iron at 1 g/kg. The major concernof oral feeding of iron to mice is the toxicity. However, carbonyl ironis very safe when administered orally to animals. It has been reportedin that a single dose of 2 g of carbonyl iron per rat (approximately 10to 20 g/kg) demonstrated no ill effect [55]. In addition,bioavailability of carbonyl iron is greater than 50% in relative toferrous sulfate [55]. Therefore, it is estimated that an oral dose ofcarbonyl iron at 1 g/kg should produce a high intestinal absorption ofiron with low toxicity in mice. Alternatively, if carbonyl iron exhibitsany solubility problem, other highly soluble ferrous compounds such asferrous gluconate (LD₅₀: 3.7 g/kg orally in mice, the Merck Index) canbe used. The myelopoietic effect of the orally administered G-CSF-Tf,either with or without iron supplement, will be examined. The number ofdays post administration that will produce the highest ANC, as well asthe value of ANC, will be compared between these two groups. It isexpected to see a shortened effective time for the myelopoietic effectwith possibly a higher ANC in mice that receive the iron-supplementeddose. If this result can be confirmed, a similar study will be repeatedby giving the iron supplement at different days after the oraladministration of G-CSF-Tf. It is expected to observe a boost in themyelopoietic effect of G-CSF-Tf for the time points when iron-supplementis given, e.g., first and second days. Such a booster effect shouldalter the pharmacodynamic properties and the bioavailability of G-CSF-Tfand this information will be used to elucidate the transport,deposition, and bioavailability of G-CSF-Tf.

Measurement of Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Biodistribution of the FusionProtein

It was demonstrated in a recent report that oral administration ofG-CSF-Tf maintained an increased ANC in mice for 4 to 5 days, while only1 day for G-CSF [1]. Since the life span for neutrophils is only about12 h, the finding implies that either the plasma half-life of G-CSF-Tfis significantly longer than that of G-CSF, or there is a sustainedrelease mechanism of G-CSF-Tf transport from the intestine to the bloodstream. The fact that subcutaneously injected G-CSF and G-CSF-Tf have asimilar effect on neutrophil counts may suggest that the prolongedeffect of orally administered G-CSF-Tf is most likely due to a sustainedrelease rather than the plasma half-life [1]. It is believed that orallyadministered G-CSF-Tf is transported across the GI epithelium and,subsequently, to the liver via the portal vein. G-CSF-Tf will accumulateeither in the intestinal epithelium or in the liver, possibly as anapo-Tf form, followed by a slow release into blood circulation as thediferric form [1]. At the present time, it is believed that intestinalepithelium, rather than the liver, is more likely the retention site forthe sustained release of orally absorbed G-CSF-Tf. The reason is that,once delivered into the portal vein, the fusion protein will be mixedwith a high concentration of endogenous Tf in the blood before reachingthe liver. Such a dilution effect will unlikely make G-CSF-Tfselectively retained in the liver. If this is true, the release ofintestinal epithelial cell-associated G-CSF-Tf should be able to bemanipulated by varying the amount of dietary iron given to theexperimental mice.

To verify the belief, the pharmacokinetics and the biodistribution oforally administered fusion proteins will be investigated. In order tosimplify the interpretation of the results, the non-cleavable fusionprotein, G-CSF-Tf, will be used as the model drug because it shouldremain intact in the body. An initial accumulation of G-CSF-Tf in theintestine after oral administration, with a subsequent release to theblood circulation over approximately 3 days, is anticipated. Since thepossibility that the liver may also play a role in the sustained releaseof G-CSF-Tf cannot be completely ruled out, both intestinal and liverretention will be investigated in the initial study.

Detection of blood concentration of orally administered fusion proteinin mice. There are commercial RIA and ELISA kits available for bothG-CSF and Tf that are highly specific for human G-CSF or human Tf.Therefore, the plasma level of G-CSF-Tf after oral administration inmice should be able to be directly detected. However, since theconcentration of the fusion protein in the plasma will be very low, thecross-reactivity between human protein and mouse protein is a seriousconcern. Therefore, commercial immunoassay kits will be screened to makesure that the detection of human G-CSF and Tf can be carried out in thepresence of mouse serum. On the other hand, the fusion protein is aunique molecule which consists of both the G-CSF and Tf structure, andit has been demonstrated that each moiety in the fusion protein can berecognized by its corresponding antibody in Western blot [1]. Therefore,a simple ELISA method that will be highly sensitive and specific only tothe fusion protein, but not G-CSF or Tf should be able to be developed.

To develop a G-CSF-Tf-specific ELISA, a rabbit anti-human G-CSF antibodywill be selected to be immobilized as the first (capturing) antibody,and a goat anti-hTf antibody as the second (detecting) antibody. Mouseantibody for the first 2 antibodies will be avoided because mouse serumwill be used as samples for analysis. A horseradishperoxidase-conjugated sheep anti-goat immunoglobulin antibody will beused as the signal antibody. The procedure for the assay method (FIG.9), which is similar to that in ELISA assay, is well-established [56,57] and several immunoassays have been previously developed. Since acombination of anti-G-CSF and anti-Tf antibodies will be used, a highlysensitive and specific ELISA can be developed for measuring theconcentration of the intact fusion protein, regardless of the spacers,in mouse plasma without the interference from endogenous G-CSF or Tf.For the measurement of free G-CSF that is released from the cleavablefusion proteins, a commercial ELISA kit for human G-CSF will be used,which, in principle, should also detect the fusion protein. However, thelevel of free G-CSF can be estimated by subtracting the concentration ofG-CSF-Tf (using anti-fusion protein assay) from that of total G-CSF(anti-G-CSF assay).

(i) Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered G-CSF-Tf.

Male BDF-1 mice, 6-8 weeks of age, 5 mice per group, weighing 22-25 g,will be administered orally with the fusion proteins at a dose of 50mg/kg (10 mg/kg of G-CSF equivalent). This dose will be used first inthe pharmacokinetic studies to ensure that a significant and reliablemeasurement will be obtained. Five mice from each treatment group willbe sacrificed at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h post-administration. Anytime point shorter than 4 h or longer than 48 h may not be necessaryclue to the previous observation of the slow intestinal absorption ofproteins and the decrease of myelopoietic effect after 48 h. However,shorter or longer time points will be included for future studies if theresults from the initial studies warrant the addition of more timepoints.

The blood samples, as well as the liver and intestines of each mouse,will be collected. The liver and intestinal samples will be saved forthe further study of tissue localization. Plasma will be isolated fromeach blood sample and subjected to ELISA analysis of either the intactfusion protein or free G-CSF as described above. Since the myelopoiesisof G-CSF has been shown to have a ceiling effect [58], the dose shouldbe within the linear response range. The simple, non-cleavable fusionprotein, G-CSF-Tf, will be used first. Depending on the initial results,the dose of the protein and the time points can be adjusted ifnecessary. Controls will be done in mice that are injected intravenouslywith G-CSF-Tf at 1/10 of the oral dose and blood will be collectedaccording to a similar sampling schedule. The plasma half-life ofG-CSF-Tf from po and iv treatment will be compared, and a prolongedplasma half-life for the po administration will indicate that asustained release occurs with the oral absorption route of the fusionprotein.

To further investigate whether repeated oral administration will changethe GI absorption of G-CSF-Tf, an experiment to measure the plasmalevels of G-CSF-Tf as described above is planed, except that there willbe 10 mice per group. The number of blood samples may be reduced to only2 to 3 time points, depending on the results that will be obtained inthe PK studies. At each time point after oral administration of thefusion protein, 5 mice from each group will be sacrificed to collectblood for G-CSF-Tf measurement. The other 5 mice in each group will bedosed orally with G-CSF-Tf once every week for a total of 4 weeks. Themultiple-dosed mice will be sacrificed after the fourth weekadministration at the same time points. The plasma levels of G-CSF-Tfwill be measured and will be compared with that of the mice from thefirst week. Since it is known that TfR is not subjected to either up- ordown-regulation by Tf-binding, it is not expected to find any differencein G-SCF-Tf plasma levels between the single and the multiple dosedgroups. However, if difference is found, the possibility of mucosalimmunological or toxicological response to the orally administeredG-CSF-Tf will be considered.

To assess the toxicity of orally administered G-CSF-Tf, the intestine ofeach mouse in the control and multiple-dosed group will be fixed and themicroscopic examination will be performed. Since it is not known whatsymptoms are associated with the toxicity of either Tf, G-CSF, or thefusion protein, general morphological changes that may indicate GItoxicity will be looked for [59, 60, 61]. Initially, the decrease of thelength of the villi, as well as the number of mitotic cells in thecryptic region, can be used as an indication of the toxicity.Furthermore, an increase of myeloperoxidase activity and/or theintraepithelial lymphocytes will suggest a mucosal immune response.However, any observation of mucosal immune response should beinterpreted carefully, because a fusion protein of human Tf and G-CSFwill be used in a mouse model.

One of the pitfalls for this study is that it is difficult to maintainG-CSF-Tf in the diferric form, especially under the acidic environmentin the stomach. Tf and apo-Tf may be processed differently in the bodyand may show difference in absorption. There is ample evidenceindicating that apo-Tf is accumulated inside intestinal epithelial cellsmuch longer than diferric Tf as a mechanism of iron absorption [62].Such a selective retention may also occur in hepatocytes where apo-Tf isconverted to Tf and recycled back to the blood [63]. Therefore, theiron-binding status may affect the release and, consequently, theefficacy of the orally administered fusion protein. To avoid thevariation, all fusion proteins will be kept in the apo-Tf form bypre-incubation with a potent iron chelator, desferroxamine [64],followed by dialysis. Apo-G-CSF-Tf will also be the control for ivinjection.

(ii) Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered G-CSF-SS-Tf.

Similar studies will be carried out with mice orally administered withthe disulfide-spaced fusion protein, G-CSF-SS-Tf. The oral andintravenous closes will be the same as those of G-CSF-Tf. Fusionproteins with a disulfide spacer may release G-CSF either during thetransepithelial transport or in the liver and may have differentpharmacokinetic properties from that of non-cleavable G-CSF-Tf. It ispossible that the plasma level of G-CSF is dependent upon the reductionof the disulfide spacer rather than the release of the intact fusionprotein during the transport process. Therefore, it is expected to finda higher efficacy of G-CSF-SS-Tf than G-CSF-Tf when orally administeredto BDF1 mice, assuming the efficiencies of receptor-mediated transportof these two fusion proteins are similar. To verify this belief, theplasma level of both free and fusion protein-associated G-CSF will bemeasured by using the two types of ELISA. The results will provideguidelines on the close and time points for the study. There are threepossible outcomes from this study: only G-CSF is detectable, onlyG-CSF-SS-Tf is detectable, and both G-CSF-SS-Tf and G-CSF aredetectable. In the case that only G-CSF is detectable, it is importantto estimate its plasma half-life. Because it is known that the plasmahalf-life of G-CSF in mice is about 2.5 h [65], a prolonged plasmahalf-life of G-CSF in G-CSF-SS-Tf treated mice will suggest a sustainedrelease mechanism in the oral absorption pathway. On the other hand, ifonly G-CSF-SS-Tf is detectable, it will suggest that the disulfidespacer in the fusion protein is not accessible for reduction duringtransport, and the plasma levels of G-CSF-TF and G-CSF-SS-Tf followingtheir respective oral administration should be similar. In this case, ifthere is a difference between the efficacy of G-CSF-Tf and G-CSF-SS-Tf,it is most likely clue to subsequent reduction of the disulfide spacerin the target tissues. However, if both G-CSF and G-CSF-SS-Tf aredetectable, the ratio of concentrations of these two forms of G-CSF atvarious time points and their respective half-life will be determined.It is expect to see the plasma half-lives of the fusion protein and theregenerated G-CSF are significantly longer than that of G-CSF whenadministered directly to mice (2.5 hr). Based on the plasmapharmacokinetic profiles of G-CSF, G-CSF-SS-Tf and G-CSF-Tf, a mechanismof transport and release of fusion proteins will be able to bepostulated.

(iii) Analysis of Pharmacokinetic Measurements

Various data sets will be fitted using a computer program (e.g.,WinNonlin) to obtain relevant pharmacokinetic parameters such as thearea under the curve (AUC), apparent plasma half-life (t_(1/2)), meanresidence time (MRT), maximum plasma concentration (C_(max)) and time toreach maximum plasma concentration (t_(max)). The absolutebioavailability will be calculated by dividing the AUC value of theplasma fusion protein from oral administration by that from intravenousinjection, and normalized by the doses in the two different routes ofdelivery. The difference in t_(max) will provide evidence for thesustained release mechanism. The difference in plasma concentration ofthe two fusion proteins in treated and control mice, by either oral orintravenous administration, will be evaluated either by independentt-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA). This comparison will beperformed for each time point. The statistic significance at the latertime points is important to indicate the difference in sustained releaserates. If the null hypothesis was rejected in ANOVA, Tukey's test willbe used for multiple comparisons. Values will be consideredstatistically significant if p<0.05.

Detection of the tissue distribution of orally administered fusionprotein. The prolonged myelopoietic effect of orally administeredG-CSF-Tf [1], which was also observed in previous studies with the oraladministration of Tf-conjugates of insulin [5] and G-CSF [6], suggeststhat there is a sustained release mechanism involved in the transportprocess. A high retention of Tf in cultured Caco-2 cells, a cell linethat is generally considered as a model of enterocytes has beendetected. Therefore, it is possible that the site of depot for orallyadministered G-CSF-Tf is in the intestinal epithelial cells. Previousstudy also confirmed the retention of orally administered Tf-aggregatein intestines [41]. However, since the retention of Tf in the liver hasalso been reported [63] and confirmed in previous studies [41], thepossibility that the liver may also play a role in the controlledrelease of G-CSF-Tf cannot be ruled out. It is believed that Tf-basedfusion proteins will be retained first in the intestinal epithelialcells, and subsequently, in the liver. However, it is not clear whetherthe retention in intestinal epithelium or in the liver is therate-limiting step for the release of G-CSF-Tf into the bloodstream. Thecontrolled release mechanism will be verified by using bothradioiodine-labeled Tf and the specific ELISA that will be developed fordetection of G-CSF-Tf fusion protein.

(i) Kinetics of Localization of Orally Administered ¹²⁵I-Tf in theIntestine and the Liver

Previous results showed a high localization of ¹²⁵I-Tf-aggregates inboth the intestine and liver when orally administered in mice [41].However, in order to evaluate the significance of these localizationresults, the experiment will be repeated by using ¹²⁵I-Tf in both apo-and diferric forms, and the kinetics of the distribution in long-termtime points such as 2, 3 and 4 days post-administration will beinvestigated. The entire intestine or liver, as well as an aliquot ofblood sample, will be counted in a gamma counter. The radioactivity willbe plotted versus the time for all three compartments and a preliminarykinetics of the distribution will be determined. An important controlfor this study is the distribution of iv injected ¹²⁵I-Tf in theintestine and liver. This control will provide a background measurementof radioactivity as well as for the retention. From this experiment, itwill be found out whether or not orally administered apo-Tf anddiferric-Tf are different in intestine- and liver-localization.Furthermore, it will be found out whether the intestine or the liver isthe major location for the retention of the orally administered Tf. If ahigher localization is observed in the intestine than in the liver forthe long-term time points, it will suggest that retention in theintestine is possibly the rate-limiting step for the sustained releaseof the fusion protein into the circulation. On the other hand, if thereis more radioactivity in the liver, then the retention in the liver islikely the depot of the orally administered fusion protein.

There are several pitfalls in this study. First, it is recognized thatthe measurement of radioactivity may be misleading due to thedegradation products from ¹²⁵I-Tf. In addition, there may bedehalogenation reactions that occur in the intestine and/or the liver,which may remove ¹²⁵I from Tf. Finally, free ¹²⁵I or the degradationproducts may incorporate into tissue components and give a falsepositive result for this study. Therefore, even though using ¹²⁵I-Tf asa tracer is simple and sensitive, the data obtained from this study willbe considered only as preliminary results. However, this study willprovide guidelines for the design of further studies as described in thenext two sections.

(ii) Detection of the Localization of Orally Administered Biotin-Tf inthe Intestine and Liver

To further verify that the tissue localization of radioactivity isindeed the intact Tf, studies will be carried out by using abiotinylated Tf, biotin-Tf, which will be prepared by using thecommercially available EZ-Link™ Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin conjugation kit fromPierce.

Biotin-Tf will be administered orally to mice. Mice orally administeredwith biotinylated serum albumin (Biotin-SA) will be used as controls. Atvarious time points, mice will be sacrificed, and the intestine andliver will be collected. Both intestine and liver will be sliced in acryogenic microtome and subjected to examination under a fluorescentmicroscope by using FITC-avidin. Biotin-SA-fed mice will be used as thebackground measurement. In addition, biotin-Tf can be detectedquantitatively by using the biotin-avidin-based enzyme immunoassay. Thisassay has been previously used to measure the amount of biotin-Tf in theplasma of mice orally administered with biotin-Tf [41]. For thedetection of biotin-Tf in intestines and livers, extracts from tissuehomogenates will be subjected to the biotin-avidin immunoassay.

It is reasonable to believe that biotin-Tf should be processedidentically as G-CSF-Tf in the GI tract. Therefore, that the fusionprotein is indeed retained in the intestine or the liver will be able tobe verified. However, biotin-Tf can only provide a qualitativedetermination of the location of orally administered Tf. It cannot beused for either the quantitative measurement of tissue localization orthe kinetic study of the transport of the fusion protein in the GItract. For a more complete study of the localization and the quantity ofG-CSF-Tf in the intestine or liver, the ELISA method that will bedeveloped will need to be used.

(iii) Quantitative Measurement of the Accumulation of OrallyAdministered G-CSF-Tf in the Intestine and Liver

In this experiment, mice will be administered orally with G-CSF-Tf. Atvarious time points, the mice will be sacrificed, and the intestine andliver, as well as the blood, will be collected. Intestines and liverswill be weighed and subsequently homogenized in PBS, and the tissueextracts will be collected as the supernatant fraction aftercentrifugation. ELISA procedure will be performed based on the estimatedconcentration of ¹²⁵I-Tf. The amount of G-CSF-Tf will be presented asng/g wet tissue. Results from this study will be used to compare withthose from the study described above, and both the quantity and thekinetics of the distribution will be determined.

Elucidation of the transport, deposition, and bioavailability ofG-CSF-Tf. From the studies described above, the site of retention of thefusion protein in the GI tract should be able to be identified. Aretention in the epithelial cells will be consistent with others'findings that apo-Tf can be stored in intestinal epithelial cells as aregulatory pathway for the GI absorption of iron [18]. If this is true,a regulation of Tf-fusion protein absorption should be observed (FIG.10). In this case, oral administration of fusion protein together withiron, either simultaneously or subsequently, should alter thepharmacodynamic properties and the bioavailability of G-CSF-Tf.Therefore, the study will be modified by including carbonyl iron orferrous gluconateas an iron supplement. It is expected to see asignificantly increased myelopoietic activity at short time, with adecreased sustained effect in long term as dietary iron will increasethe release of intracellularly stored apo-Tf to the blood. In addition,the myelopoietic effect of G-CSF-Tf may be able to be boosted by givingthe mice a high dose of iron at a defined time point post oraladministration of the fusion protein. This finding will provideinformation for the design of a controlled release system for the oraldelivery of protein drugs in the future.

Vetebrate Animals

1. BDF1 mice will be used as an animal model to investigate (a) thetransferrin receptor-mediated absorption in intestines and (c) the oralabsorption of G-CSF-transferrin fusion proteins conjugates formyelopoietic activity.

(a) For the investigation of transferrin receptor-mediated absorption inintestines, BDF1 mice will be fasted for 12 h, fed biotin-transferrinconjugate or biotin-serum albumin conjugate (control) (1 mg/mouse) witha gavage needle, and subsequently sacrificed in a carbon dioxidechamber. The intestines and livers will be removed and furtherprocessed. 4 mice will be used in each group, and the experimentrepeated 3 times. Therefore, a total of 24 mice will be used for thisstudy.

(b) For the investigation of G-CSF-Tf fusion proteins, BDF1 mice will beused for the assay of neutrophilic effect. Male BDF1 mice (Charles RiverLaboratories, Wilmington, Mass.), 6-8 weeks of age, will be used in allanimal experiments. The mice will be allowed to acclimate for 5 clays.Animal experiments will be compliant with the ‘Principles of LaboratoryAnimal Care’ (NIH Publication #85-23) and has been approved by theInstitutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee at the University ofSouthern California. Prior to the dosing, the mice will be fasted for 12h. The treatment groups will receive a single dose on day 0. Due to thedifference in molecular weight, i.e., 20 kD for G-CSF and 100 kD for thefusion protein, animals will receive the dose based on equivalent‘moles. For subcutaneous administration, 5 mg/kg (0,05 μmol/kg) of thefusion protein or 1 mg/kg (0.05 μmol/kg) of G-CSF was injected. For oraladministration, 50 mg/kg (0.5 μmol/kg) fusion protein or 10 mg/kg (0.5μmol/kg) G-CSF will be given via a gavage needle.

Blood samples will be collected daily from the tail vein, diluted20-fold and lysed in an acidic crystal-violet solution (0.1% crystalviolet, 1% acetic acid, in water). The total white blood cell (WBC)count will be determined manually with a hemacytometer. The percentageof polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) among the leukocytes will bedetermined manually by using Wright-stained blood smear glass slidesthat will be examined under an Olympus BH-2 microscope. The absoluteneutrophil count (ANC) will be determined by multiplying the total WBCcount by the PMN percentage.

(c) For pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies, male BDF-1 mice,6-8 weeks of age, weighing 22-25 g, will be administered orally with thefusion proteins at doses of 50 mg/kg (10 mg/kg of G-CSF equivalent). Thehigh dose of the fusion protein will be chosen in the pharmacokineticstudies to ensure that a significant and reliable measurement will beobtained. Five mice from each treatment group will be sacrificed at 4 h,8 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h post-administration by the exposure tocompressed CO₂. The blood samples by cardiac puncture, as well as theliver and intestines of each mouse, will be collected. The liver andintestinal samples will be saved for the further study of tissuelocalization. Plasma will be isolated from each blood sample andsubjected to ELISA analysis of either the intact fusion protein or freeG-CSF. Since the myelopoiesis of G-CSF has been shown to have a ceilingeffect [53], the dose should be within the linear response range. Thesimple, non-cleavable fusion protein, G-CSF-Tf, will be used first.Depending on the initial results, the dose of the protein and the timepoints can be adjusted if necessary. Controls will be done in mice thatare injected intravenously with G-CSF-Tf at 1/10 of the oral dose andblood will be collected according to a similar sampling schedule. Theplasma half-life of G-CSF-Tf from po and iv treatment will be compared,and a prolonged plasma half-life for the po administration will indicatethat a sustained release occurs with the oral absorption route of thefusion protein.

2. Cultured intestinal epithelial cells have been used for the in vitrostudy of GI drug absorption. However, cell culture systems can onlyprovide information regarding the transport in the epithelial cells. Noin vitro system has been established for the investigation of oralpeptide absorption which involves not only the permeability of thepeptide, but also the GI degradation, mucus interaction, various pHvalues in different intestinal segments, and the GI transient time.Therefore, measuring the pharmacological activity of the orallyadministered drug in animal models is still the only conclusive evidenceto demonstrate the GI absorption.

240 male, BDF1 mice will be used per year for testing oral myelopoieticeffect of G-CSF-Tf fusion proteins. This number is based on theestimation that 24 mice will be needed per each experiment (8 mice ineach group of control, G-CSF-treatment, and fusion protein-treatment).Because the background neutrophil number may be different fromexperiment to experiment, and the myelopoietic response may varyslightly from mouse to mouse, 8 mice/group will be treated in order toobtain statistically significant values. 10 experiments will be done peryear, including experiments using dietary iron supplement to control thesustained release of orally absorbed G-CSF-Tf. Therefore, a total of 240mice will be needed per year for the myelopoiesis assay. 150 BDF-1 micewill be used per year for the pharmacokinetic study of the fusionprotein. This number is based on 5 mice per each group, 2 groups pereach experiments (iv and po), and 5 time points. Pharmacokinetic studieswill be performed in an average of 3 per year. The number of 5 mice pereach group is chosen to obtain a minimum number of samples that canprovide a statistically significant data.

BDF1 mice is one of very few mouse models that can be used to measurethe myelopoietic response to human G-CSF, because most strains of mouseare insensitive to human G-CSF. It should be emphasized that, the age ofBDF1 mice is also very important for observing myelopoietic activity,because older mice will not only increase the background ANC, but alsodecrease the responsiveness to human G-CSF. Therefore, even thoughnon-invasive route is used to treat the mice, i.e., oral administration,the experiment cannot be repeated with the same group of mice forsimilar study. Therefore, to replace new mice for every experiment isessential to maintain consistent results.

3. An Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee reviews allapplications to ensure ethical and humane treatment of animals. Allanimals will be housed in facilities maintained by the USC Vivaria underthe supervision of the Director of the Vivaria, a Veterinarian and hisstaff of trained support personnel.

4. For myelopoietic assay, approximately 20 μl of blood samples will becollected from the tip of the tail daily up to 3 to 6 days, depending onthe specific experiment. This procedure will only cause a minordiscomfort when a small amount of blood will be collected from the tipof the tail. The administration of G-CSF or G-CSF-Tf will only increasethe immunity of the mice and not cause any pain or adverse effect.

5. Mice will be sacrificed after each experiment. Mice will besacrificed by the exposure to compressed CO₂. This method is recommendedby the Panel on Euthanasia of the American Veterinary MedicalAssociation (J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 202:229-249, 1993).

EXAMPLE II

In vitro Characterization of Fusion Protein with a CyclodisulfidePeptide Linker

The fusion protein was produced by transiently transfecting HEK293 cellswith plasmids encoding G-CSF-cyclodisuldiepeptide-transferrin (G-C-T).The dithiocyclopeptide linker in the fusion protein contained athrombin-cutting sequence, PRS, and was characterized by the treatmentwith or without thrombin and/or dithiothreitol (DTT) followed byanti-G-CSF Western blotting analysis. For the thrombin treatment, 1 μgfusion protein was cleaved by 0.25 NIH unit thrombin when incubated at20° C. for 16 h. For the DTT treatment, the thrombin-treated or intactfusion protein was added into the reducing loading buffer and boiled for10 min to reduce the disulfide bond. Protein samples with or withoutthrombin and/or DTT treatment were then loaded into non-reducingSDS-PAGE and analyzed by anti-G-CSF Western blotting.

The Western blotting result showed that the disulfide bond formedbetween the two cysteine residues on the linker, and the PRS sequence onthe linker can be recognized and cleaved by thrombin.

As shown in FIG. 11, G-CSF was released from G-C-T fusion protein bythrombin and DTT treatment to mimic the in vivo reduction. In order tomeasure the proliferative activity, thrombin and DTT treated G-C-T orintact G-C-T was serially diluted and added to the murine myeloblasticcell line NFS-60. The cells were then incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂incubator for 48 h. A3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assaywas subsequently performed to measure the cell proliferation. FIG. 12showed that once free G-CSF was released after thrombin and DTTtreatment, the fusion protein has an improved biological activitycompared to the intact G-C-T.

In vivo Reduction of Thrombin-Treated G-C-T Fusion Protein

G-C-T fusion protein was treated by thrombin (4 μg protein per NIH unitthrombin) at 20° C. for 16 h to cleave the PRS sequence in the linkercyclopeptide. The thrombin-treated or intact G-C-T fusion protein wasinjected into CF1 mice via tail vein at the dosage of 1 mg/kg. Afterinjection, blood plasma was taken at different time points and subjectedto non-reducing SDS-PAGE followed by anti-G-CSF Western blottinganalysis. As shown in FIG. 13, the thrombin-treated G-C-T released freeG-CSF in vivo. In contrast, the intact G-C-T didn't release anydetectable amount of G-CSF.

EXAMPLE III Release of Free G-CSF from G-CSF-CYCLO-TF Fusion ProteinUpon Treatment with Trypsin and Dithiothreitol

Method: 0.3 μg G-CSF-cyclo-Tf fusion protein was incubated withdifferent amount of trypsin at 37° C. for 5 min. The fusion protein wasthen treated with DTT, loaded to reducing SDS-PAGE, and analyzed byanti-G-CSF Western blot.

Result: Under the suitable trypsin concentration (3 unit/ml, or 10unit/ml), the cyclic linker was cleaved by trypsin as demonstrated bythe appearance of the free G-CSF after DTT reduction (FIG. 14).

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While the foregoing has been described in considerable detail and interms of preferred embodiments, these are not to be construed aslimitations on the disclosure. Modifications and changes that are withinthe purview of those skilled in the art are intended to fall within thescope of the invention.

1. A polypeptide comprising: a first protein domain; a second proteindomain; and a dithiocyclopeptide spacer containing at least one proteasecleavage site, wherein the dithiocyclopeptide is exogenous relative tothe first or second protein domain, and wherein the first and secondprotein domains are operably linked by the dithiocyclopeptide.
 2. Thepolypeptide of claim 1, wherein the dithiocyclopeptide is cyclized by adisulfide bond.
 3. The polypeptide of claim 2, wherein thedithiocyclopeptide is cleaved by the protease at the protease cleavagesite.
 4. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the dithiocyclopeptide iscleaved by the protease at the protease cleavage site.
 5. Thepolypeptide of claim 1, wherein the first protein domain is agranulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) domain.
 6. The polypeptideof claim 5, wherein the second protein domain is a transferrin (Tf)domain.
 7. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the second protein domainis a Tf domain.
 8. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein thedithiocyclopeptide contains a thrombin or trypsin cleavage site.
 9. Thepolypeptide of claim 6, wherein the dithiocyclopeptide comprises atleast one of LEAGCKNFFPR (SEQ ID NO: 3) and SFTSCGSLE (SEQ ID NO: 4).10. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is a recombinantpolypeptide.
 11. A nucleic acid comprising a DNA sequence encoding thepolypeptide of claim
 10. 12. A cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim11.
 13. A method of producing a polypeptide, comprising cultivating thecell of claim 12 under conditions that allow expression of thepolypeptide.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising collectingthe polynucleotide.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprisingcleaving the polypeptide with the protease.
 16. A method of deliveringprotein domains into a cell, comprising contacting a cell with thepolypeptide of claim 3 under conditions that allow transport of thepolypeptide into the cell, wherein the disulfide bond in thedithiocyclopeptide is reduced during the transport or within the cell,thereby separating the first protein domain from the second proteindomain.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first protein domain isa G-CSF domain.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second proteindomain is a Tf domain.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the cellexpresses transferrin receptor (TfR).
 20. The method of claim 16,wherein the second protein domain is a Tf domain.
 21. The method ofclaim 20, wherein the cell expresses TfR.